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References

1. White House, Statement by George W. Bush, “Strengthening the International Regime against Biological Weapons,” Office of the Press Secretary, November 1, 2001. 

2. Marc S. Traeger et. al., First Case of Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax in the United States, Palm Beach County, Florida, 2001. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2002;8. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no10/02-0354.htm 

3. John A. Jernigan, et. al., Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2001;7. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no6/jernigan.htm 

4. Brennan P. So what’s the FBI doing about anthrax attacks? Newsmax.com, June 5, 2002. P.O. Box 20989, West Palm Beach, Florida. U.S. http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/6/4/231130.shtml

 

5. Tucker, J.B. ed. Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, Bcsia in International Security, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2001.

 

6. MSEHPA Center for Law and the Public’s Health at Georgetown and Jones Hozkines Universities. The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. Washington, D.C., 2001a; pg. 1-104. (http://www.publichealthlaw.net)

 

7. Cordesman, A.H. Defending America: Redefining the Conceptual Borders of Homeland Defense. The Risks and Effects of Indirect, Covert, Terrorist and Extremist Attacks with Weapons of Mass Destruction. Center For Strategic and International Studies. 1800 K Street N.W. Washington, DC. 20006 http://www.ciaonet.org

 

9. Murray, P.R. et.al. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. 2002. Mosby, Inc. St. Louis, MO.

 

8. Leitenberg, M. Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century: A Review and Analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2001;27(4):267-320. http://www.puaf.umd.edu/CISSM/People/milton_files/bw%2020th%20c.pdf 

10. Mayor, A. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. 2003. Overlook Hardcover. 

11. Fenn, E.A. 2000. Biological warfare in eighteenth-century North America: beyond Jeffery Amherst. Journal of American History. 2000, 86(4);1552-1580. 

12. Derbes VJ. 1966. De Mussis and the great plague of 1348: a forgotten episode of bacteriological war. JAMA. 196:59-62. 

13. Christopher, G.W. et. al. 1997. Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective. JAMA 278:412-417.

 

14. Mayor, A., 1995. The Nessus shirt in the new world: smallpox blankets in history and legend. Journal of American Folklore 108 (427): 54-77.

 

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17. Wheelis, M. 1999. Biological sabotage in World War I. p. 35-62 in E. Geissler and J.E.v.C. Moon (Eds.) Biological and toxin weapons: research, development and use from the Middle Ages to 1945. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

 

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20. Leitenberg, M. An Assessment of the Biological Weapons Threat to the United States. White Paper prepared for the Conference on Emerging Threats, at the Institute for Security Technology Studies, Dartmouth College, July 7-9, 2000. The Journal of Homeland Security, January 2001. http://www.homelandsecurity.org/journal/Articles/Leitenberg.htm

21. Pike, J. Johnston Atoll Kalama Atoll. GlobalSecurity.org. January 13, 2003. 300 N. Washington St, B-100, Alexandria, VA http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/johnston_atoll.htm

22. Johnson. G. Backgrounders: Germ warfare. txtwriter.inc, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. http://www.txtwriter.com/Backgrounders/Bioterrorism/bioterror4.html

 

23. Leitenberg, M. Biological weapons and “bioterrorism” in the first years of the 21st century. Center for International and Security Studies, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland. Paper prepared for Conference on “The possible use of biological weapons by terrorists groups: scientific, legal and international implications, Rome, Italy, April 16, 2002, updated July 10, 2002. http://www.puaf.umd.edu/CISSM/People/milton_files/bw%2021st%20c.pdf

 

24. Davis, C.J. Special issue: nuclear blindness: an overview of the biological weapons programs of the former soviet union and iraq. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999;5. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/davis.htm

 

25. Zilinskas, R.A., 1997. Iraq’s biological weapons: the past as future? JAMA 278:418-424.

26. Duelfer Report. Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD. http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/iraq_wmd_2004/

27. Chemical and biological weapons; Arms control and disarmament. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/armsctrl/pt9.htm 

28. Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on their destruction. U.S. Department of State. Electronic archive. http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/treaties/bwc1.html 

29. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. U.S. Department of State. Washington D.C. September 25, 2002. Electronic archive. http://www.state.gov/t/ac/trt/4784.htm 

30. Toward a national biodefense strategy; challenges and opportunities. April 2003. A report of the Center for Counterproliferation Research. Center for study of weapons of mass destruction, National Defense Unversity. Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C. http://www.ndu.edu/centercounter/CCR%202003.pdf 

31. E. Rumsfeld, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, hearing on Fiscal Year ’03 Defense Department Appropriations, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., 21 May 2002. 

32. Carus S.W. Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: the Illicit Use of Biological Agents in the 20th Century, (Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, August 1998).

33. Executive Summary; Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear terrorism: the threat according to the current unclassified literature. May 31, 2002. Center for Counterproliferation Research, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., National Defense University. http://www.ndu.edu/centercounter/CBRN_Annotated_Bib.pdf

34. Harvey J. McGeorge, "Chemical and Biological Terrorism," Briefing Document, Public Safety Group, Woodbridge, Virginia, April 1996. See also Harvey J. McGeorge, "Chemical and Biological Terrorism: Analyzing the Problem," The ASA [Applied Science & Analysis] Newsletter, no. 42 (June 16, 1994), pp. 1, 13-14.

35. Ron Purver, Chemical and Biological Terrorism: The Threat According to the Open Literature (Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Security Intelligence Service, June 1995).

36. Bruce Hoffman, "The Debate over the Future Terrorist Use of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Weapons," pp. 207-224, in Hype or Reality: The New Terrorism" and Mass Casualty Attacks, B. Roberts, ed. (Alexandria, Virginia: CBACI, 2000). 

37. Tucker, J.B. and A. Sands, "An Unlikely Threat," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 55:4 (July-August 1999), pp. 46-52. 

38. Török TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, Livengood JR, Sokolow R, Mauvais S, et al. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA 1997;278:389-95. 

39. Moodie, M. Executive Summary; Fighting Bioterrorism: Tracking and Assessing U.S. Government Programs. December 2004. Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute. 1747 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW · Seventh Floor Washington, D.C. http://www.cbaci.org/pubs/reports/fightingbtsummary.pdf 

40. Moreno, J.D. In the wake of terror; Medicine and morality in a time of crisis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2003. 

41. Presidential directive May, 22, 1998. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/pdd-63.htm

42. Lee. C. Emergency Plans Found Lacking. March 30, 2004 Washington Post p. A17.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A34337-2004

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43. Health Acts 2000: Summary; The Public Health Improvement Act, National Conference of State Legislatures. February 8, 2001. http://www.ncsl.org/statefed/health/PHIASum.htm 

44. Kosal. M.E. 2003. The Basics of Biological and Chemical Weapons Detectors. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies. Monterey, CA. (http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/031124.htm

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48. The Honorable Carl Ford Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, March 19, 2002. 

49. Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1970. 

50. Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1993. Publication OTA-ISC-559. 

51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rift Valley Fever, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta Georgia, U.S. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/rvf.htm 

52. Douglass J.D. Jr, N.C. Livingstone.  America the Vulnerable: the Threat of Chemical and Biological Warfare.  Lexington, MA, Lexington Books, 1987. 

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54. Ricin and the umbrella murder. October 23, 2003. CNN.com/world http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/01/07/terror.poison.bulgarian/ 

55. Eitzen, E. J. Pavlin, T. Cieslak, G. Christopher, R. Culpepper Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, Third Edition, July 1998 U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland

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  56. D.R. Franz et. al. 1997. Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents. JAMA 278:399-411. 

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60. Reddy, V. et. al. Infant botulism New York City, 2001-2002. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 2003;50(02);21-24. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5202a1.htm

 

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65. Borio, L. et. al. Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons. JAMA. 2002;287(18); 2391-2405. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/287/18/2391 

66. LeDuc, J.W. and P.B. Jahrling, Strengthening National Preparedness for Smallpox: an Update. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(1).  

67. DOE openness: Human Radiation Experiments. U.S. Department of Energy. The Office of Human Radiation Experiments. August 17, 1995. http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/experiments/index.html 

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Neal Chamberlain, Ph.D. A. T. Still University of Health Sciences/Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine.

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