Periodontal disease classification

I. Gingival Diseases A. Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases* 1. Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only a. without other local contributing factors b. with local contributing factors (See VIII A) 2. Gingival diseases modified by systemic factors a. associated with the endocrine system 1) puberty-associated gingivitis 2) menstrual cycle-associated gingivitis 3) pregnancy-associated a) gingivitis b) pyogenic granuloma 4) diabetes mellitus-associated gingivitis b. associated with blood dyscrasias 1) leukemia-associated gingivitis 2) other 3. Gingival diseases modified by medications a. drug-influenced gingival diseases 1) drug-influenced gingival enlargements 2) drug-influenced gingivitis a) oral contraceptive-associated gingivitis b) other 4. Gingival diseases modified by malnutrition a. ascorbic acid-deficiency gingivitis b. other B. Non-plaque-induced gingival lesions 1. Gingival diseases of specific bacterial origin a. Neisseria gonorrheae-associated lesions b. Treponema pallidum-associated lesions c. Streptococcus species-associated lesions d. other 2. Gingival diseases of viral origin a. herpesvirus infections 1) primary herpetic gingivostomatitis 2) recurrent oral herpes 3) varicella-zoster infections b. other	3. Gingival diseases of fungal origin a. Candida-species infections 1) generalized gingival candidosis b. linear gingival erythema c. histoplasmosis d. other 4. Gingival lesions of genetic origin a. hereditary gingival fibromatosis b. other 5. Gingival manifestations of systemic conditions a. mucocutaneous disorders 1) lichen planus 2) pemphigoid 3) pemphigus vulgaris 4) erythema multiforme 5) lupus erythematosus 6) drug-induced 7) other b. allergic reactions 1) dental restorative materials a) mercury b) nickel c) acrylic d) other 2) reactions attributable to a) toothpastes/dentifrices b) mouthrinses/mouthwashes c) chewing gum additives d) foods and additives 3) other 6. Traumatic lesions (factitious, iatrogenic, accidental) a. chemical injury b. physical injury c. thermal injury 7. Foreign body reactions 8. Not otherwise specified (NOS)
* Can occur on a periodontium with no attachment loss or on a periodontium with attachment loss that is not progressing.
II. Chronic Periodontitis† A. Localized B. Generalized III. Aggressive Periodontitis† A. Localized B. Generalized IV. Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases A. Associated with hematological disorders 1. Acquired neutropenia 2. Leukemias 3. Other B. Associated with genetic disorders 1. Familial and cyclic neutropenia 2. Down syndrome 3. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndromes 4. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome 5. Chediak-Higashi syndrome 6. Histiocytosis syndromes 7. Glycogen storage disease 8. Infantile genetic agranulocytosis 9. Cohen syndrome 10. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII) 11. Hypophosphatasia 12. Other C. Not otherwise specified (NOS) V. Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases A. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) B. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) VI. Abscesses of the Periodontium A. Gingival abscess B. Periodontal abscess C. Pericoronal abscess	VII. Periodontitis Associated With Endodontic Lesions A. Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions VIII. Developmental or Acquired Deformities and Conditions A. Localized tooth-related factors that modify or predispose to plaque-induced gingival diseases/periodontitis 1. Tooth anatomic factors 2. Dental restorations/appliances 3. Root fractures 4. Cervical root resorption and cemental tears B. Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth 1. Gingival/soft tissue recession a. facial or lingual surfaces b. interproximal (papillary) 2. Lack of keratinized gingiva 3. Decreased vestibular depth 4. Aberrant frenum/muscle position 5. Gingival excess a. pseudopocket b. inconsistent gingival margin c. excessive gingival display d. gingival enlargement (See I.A.3. and I.B.4.) 6. Abnormal color C. Mucogingival deformities and conditions on edentulous ridges 1. Vertical and/or horizontal ridge deficiency 2. Lack of gingiva/keratinized tissue 3. Gingival/soft tissue enlargement 4. Aberrant frenum/muscle position 5. Decreased vestibular depth 6. Abnormal color D. Occlusal trauma 1. Primary occlusal trauma 2. Secondary occlusal trauma
† Can be further classified on the basis of extent and severity. As a general guide, extent can be characterized as Localized = ≤30% of sites involved and Generalized = >30% of sites involved. Severity can be characterized on the basis of the amount of clinical attachment loss (CAL) as follows: Slight = 1 or 2 mm CAL, Moderate = 3 or 4 mm CAL, and Severe = ≥5 mm CAL.

© 2016 Neal R. Chamberlain,Ph.D. All rights reserved.
Site Last Revised 9/21/16
Neal Chamberlain, PhD. A. T. Still University of Health Sciences/Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine.

Take Care and Think Microbiologically!

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1999 Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions*

1999 Classification System
for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions*