Course Descriptions

Doctor of Health Education : Master of Health Education : Master of Public Health : Master of Public Health with a Dental Emphasis : Master of Health Administration : Master of Geriatric Health

GRADUATE HEALTH EDUCATION (Master & Doctorate)

HEd 600: Foundations of Learning -This course focuses on educational history, theory and concepts, teaching styles, learning styles and educational philosophy.

HEd 601: Instructional Design and Program Planning- This course focuses on the use of a systematic process based on learning theory, to plan, design, and implement effective instruction.

HEd 602: Student Assessment- Topics covered in the course are authentic assessment, performance-based assessment, and assessment as a teaching tool.

HEd 603: Developing a Comprehensive Faculty Evaluation System-This course looks at the processes involved in developing, implementing and monitoring a comprehensive faculty evaluation system.

HEd 604: External Factors Affecting Education- This course will focus on the social, economic, technological, and demographic factors that influence education.

HEd 800: Integrity in Leadership- This course focuses on approaches to achieving integrity and compassion in leadership.

HEd 801: Educational Governance Structures-This course will analyze the governance practice in post-secondary institutions, addressing various roles of groups within the organization.

HEd 802: Profit and Non-Profit Organizations- This course will focus on management practices as they apply to organizations, organizational development, systems thinking and culture of profit and non-profit organizations.

HEd 803: Managing Organizations- This course looks at models for assessing organizational effectiveness. It proposes processes and specific measures for outcomes, paying particular attention to the role of governance and management groups.

HEd 804: Human Resource Development-This course focuses on theory and research for improving organizational performance and effectiveness at individual, group, departmental, and organizational levels. Topics covered include understanding human performance, enhancement and improvement.

HEd 805: Educational Research Methodology- This course focuses on problem solving methodologies, (research, evaluation and development), and identifies their strengths, weaknesses and appropriate uses.

HEd 910: Law and Ethics-This course looks at the laws that affect the conduct of higher education, information on a range of emerging issues including sex discrimination, hate speech, academic freedom, athletic scholarships, animal research, and environmental laws will be reviewed. Related ethical issues are also explored and interwoven. The general principles of ethics will be analyzed, using healthcare examples.

HEd 911: Finance and Budgeting in Education I -This course examines the financial concepts and theories that influence higher education. Topics to be reviewed include revenue sources, budgeting techniques / controls, legislative impact, risk management and resource re-allocation among others.

HEd 912: Finance and Budgeting in Education II- This course examines strategic long range planning in finance and budgeting within the higher education environment. Funding equity, the role of the federal government in financing higher education and research, litigation, budgeting and accounting procedures, program evaluation, and the impact of and department political issues will be covered.

HEd 913: Fund Raising/Endowment Management - The concepts, methods, and language of the professional fund raiser and manager are investigated. This course covers the history of philanthropy, campaigns, donor-centered fundraising and ethical practices. Also covered are fundraising budgeting, fiscal planning, and endowment management.

HEd 914: Proposal Preparation- In this course the best practices of various kinds of proposal preparations will be analyzed and integrated. Topics include preparing case statements for upper management, writing for development, and grant preparation. In addition, we will investigate how controlled expansion can be achieved by involving the community, donors, and interested third parties.

HEd 915: Educational Technology- How educational technology and computing are currently affecting health education and how they will continue to do so in the future are the major focuses of this course. The effects of rapidly changing technology on instructional design, educational media, and the implementation / evaluation process will be investigated. Best practices and potential issues will also be explored.

HEd 916: Practical Research Planning and Design I- The ability to become a life-long learner depends on sustainable assessment skills. In this course we will focus on developing / enhancing your skills related to search strategies, problem statements, literature review, proposal preparation and how they relate to your applied dissertation.

HEd 917 – Practical Research Planning and Design II - The technical aspects of successfully preparing and defending an applied dissertation will be covered and linked together. Scientific, developmental, and evaluative research methodologies will be reviewed. Data analysis and interpretative techniques will be discussed in terms of their relationship to these various methodologies.

HEd 930: Practical Research Planning and Design III (28 credits)- The Applied Dissertation is the cumulative project for the D.H.Ed. program. The topics and projects introduced and implemented during this program of study will be used to complete this requirement.

GRADUATE CONCENTRATIONS AREAS

Education and Leadership

HEd 901: Strategic Planning- Foundations of visionary leadership that provide clear direction to move people toward shared dreams. The course covers mission and strategic plan development, as well as action plan and budget implementation issues.

HEd 902: Leadership Strategies- Focuses on coaching, democratic, pacesetting, and commanding leadership styles. It examines resonant leadership styles. Evaluates students’ leadership styles and develops a plan for improvement. 360-degree assessment perspective is used as a model.

HEd 903: Leadership Development- Focuses on developing processes that support the recruitment, retention, and development of faculty and students. Developing processes that protect the legal rights of faculty, staff and students is also stressed.

Research

HEd 904: Multivariate Analysis of Learning- Examines factor analysis, profile analysis, discriminatory analysis and multidimensional scaling as applied to student learning research.

HEd 905: Research Design and Analysis- Principles of research design applications. Design and analysis of non-experimental research, laboratory experiments, field experiments, field studies, and survey research. Quasi-experimentation analysis and design issues for field research are explored and evaluated.

HEd 906: Research Writing- Strategies designed to efficiently and effectively communicate written research results are presented and analyzed.

Teaching

HEd 907: Clinical Teaching Strategies- This course examines best practices for teaching third and fourth year medical students and residents.

HEd 908: Classroom Teaching Strategies- This course examines best practices for teaching in the traditional classroom.

HEd 909: On-Line Teaching Strategies- This course examines best practices for teaching in the on-line environment.

Medical Education

HEd 919 – To be developed

HEd 920 – To be developed

HEd 921 – To be developed

Master of Public Health (60 credit-hours)

MHA 816: Human Resource Management - This course examines the building and management of a working human resources strategy. It introduces motivation, personality, leadership and total quality theories. It explores the application of these theories to the management of individuals and groups. Organizational culture, job analysis, recruitment, retention, selection, placement, training, compensation and organizational development are presented as a management continuum. The analysis of environmental, economic, and legal constraints and their impact on human resources strategies is presented. Management tools for improving human resource practices and productivity are introduced.

MPH 735: Introduction to Public Health Concepts- This course is a comprehensive introduction to public health within the context of the U.S. health care system. Contents include: the concept of public health, its’ problems in the context of social and community factors, its’ development from a historical perspective, the role and mission of public health organizations, and an overview of current public health concepts, models, and policy.

MPH 745: Bio-Statistics- Biostatistics is the study and development of statistical, mathematical, and computational methods applied to the biological, health, and human sciences. Biostatisticians play a key role in the design, conduct, and analysis of research studies in the areas of health and disease, and create and apply methods for quantitative research in health related fields. Topics covered in this course include: data description, probability, distribution of random variables, applications of the binomial and normal distributions, estimation and confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, contingency tables, regression, and analysis of variance. Additional topics include introduction to statistical computing and data management, non-parametric, or distribution free, statistical methods and demographic measures. Students will need to use a statistical program (Microsoft Excel ® or other program) to assist with computations.

MPH 775: Environmental Health Sciences- The course provides an introduction to ecology and ecological principles and how human population pressures affect them. Man's impact on biotic and abiotic components of the earth is examined as well as the environmental factors impacting public health. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of anthropogenic, chemical, and physical stressors and their impact on various ecosystem components and man.

MPH 815: Public Health Policy and Management - This is a survey course providing an overview of the policy process as applied to health. Similarly, it provides introductory content dealing with how public health and other health organizations are organized and managed.

MPH 860: Public Health Financial Management- The course provides an opportunity to apply basic budget and financial management concepts and techniques to public health services. Public health budgeting and finance is presented as an integrated approach enabling public health administrators to translate resource needs into budgets, and to utilize financial information to: identify problems, evaluate alternatives, and recommend courses of action.

MPH 863: Program Planning and Evaluation- This course covers the fundamentals of health program planning and evaluation, with an emphasis on developing skills in formative, outcome, and impact data collection and analysis. This course discusses frameworks for planning health service programs and evaluation strategies used to assess program effectiveness.

MPH 864: Public Health Educational Concepts- The course provides an overview of the social and epidemiological basis of health education. Tools are developed for the assessment of community, institutional, and individual educational needs. Planning, implementation, and evaluation of health education programs designed to develop and reinforce positive health promotion and prevention practices.

MPH 865: Resources and Environmental Policy- This course covers approaches to environmental decision making related to the formation of environmental and resource policy. It is an introduction to the main themes of environmental policy and politics. The course discusses development models to be used in the evaluation and incorporation of disparate information relevant to environmental issues.

MPH 867: Hazard Management Law and Ethics- This course examines approaches for assessing, preventing, and controlling environmental hazards that pose risks to human health and safety. It includes a survey of federal and state laws; legal basis for regulation; enforcement, including inspections and audits, permits and licensing. It is a survey of citations, injunctions and penalties; management accountability; ethics in science and medicine; risk assessment and management; policy development and implementation.

MPH 868: Public Health Policy and Politics- This course discusses the structure of the political process in health policy making. It covers the political roles of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government in health policy and selected health professionals. The course provides practical mechanisms to intervene on behalf of programs or institutions.

SHM 700: Health Services in the U.S.- The course provides a comprehensive introduction to the US healthcare system. Healthcare terminology, concepts, critical issues and description of existing delivery systems is presented. The course includes the mission of public health; models of health promotion and disease prevention; and determinants of health and health services utilization. The organization, delivery, financing, payment, and staffing of the US health system is described. Issues of competition, regulation, technology, access, quality, primary care, long-term care, mental health, and bioethics are discussed.

SHM 750: Epidemiology- This course examines the study of disease in populations from a public health perspective. Topics include: research methods, study designs, sampling, data analysis, the interpretation of data, and the application of findings for public health policy.

MPH 861: Public Health Finance and Policy- This course is an application of policy analysis to the financing of public health in the United States. It examines health care from a public policy perspective to understand the underling social and economic issues which frame the political finance debates.

MPH 872: Needs and Capacity Assessment Strategies - Needs and Capacity Assessment Strategies is designed for people planning on practicing within the fields of public health, health promotion or health education. Students will take an in-depth look at individual, group and self directed assessment strategies. The class will give students an opportunity to practice the learned skills, decipher what assessments are best for a given situation and how to implement their new skills within their professional environments. The course will compliment other courses on program planning within the MPH program.

MPH 871: State and Local Health Planning- This course will review the role of social and community factors in both the onset and solution of public health problems. Identify critical stakeholders for the planning and implementation and evaluation of public health programs, policies and interventions. This course will show the student how to interpret results of statistical analyses found in public health studies and to recognize the importance of epidemiology for informing scientific, ethical, and economic, and political discussion of health issues.

MPH 870: Public Health Biology- This course will explain the role of biology in the ecological model of population-based health. It will integrate the general biological and molecular concepts into public health. This course will also explain the biological and molecular concepts into public health and will at how biological, chemical and physical agents affect human health.

MPH 866: Systems Thinking for Public Health Environments- This course will apply “systems thinking” for resolving organizational problems and adopt best practices for other disciplines, fields or organizations. This course will look at connections among the public health disciplines and other health and health-related areas.

MPH 862: Professionalism and Ethics- This course will look at how to apply ethical principles to public health program planning, implementation, and evaluation. It will describe the legal and ethical bases for public health and health services. The student will learn to deliver oral presentations using recognized criteria for effective information dissemination.

MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH with a DENTAL EMPHASIS (60 credit hours)

MPH 736: Introduction to Public Health/ Dental Public Health Concepts- This course is a comprehensive introduction to public health in general and dental public health in particular, within the context of the US health care system. Course content: basic organizational arrangements of health services in the US; the concept of pubic health, its’ problems in the context of social and community factors, its’ development from a historical perspective, the role and mission of public health organizations, science, philosophy, and practice of dental public health.

MPH 737A: Practical Dental Research, Planning and Design- This course will enable you to start the process towards developing and implementing a dental public health research project. In this course you will focus on developing/ enhancing your skills related to search strategies, problem statements, literature review, protocol preparation and how they relate to your research project.

MPH 756: Dental Epidemiology- This course explains the general principles of epidemiology including research methods, study designs, sampling, data analysis, the interpretation of data, and the application of findings to dental public health policy. Course will look closely at distribution and determinants of oral disease – such as caries, periodontal disease and oral cancer.

MPH 766: Dental Public Health Care Policy and Management- This course focuses on the application of general management concepts including management process, descriptions of management functions, managerial roles, and organizational culture. The course includes practical aspects of planning, staffing, financing, implanting, evaluating, and communicating dental public health programs at the local, state and federal level. The course provides a practical look at dental public health policy making and how best to translate policy into practice.

MPH 777: Behavior Sciences and Educational Concepts- This course provides an overview of the social and epidemiological basis of health education. Tools are developed for the assessment of community, institutional, and individual educational needs. Planning, implementation, and evaluation of dental health education programs designed to develop and reinforce positive health promotion and prevention practices.

MPH 863: Program Planning and Evaluation- This course covers the fundamentals of health program planning and evaluation, with an emphasis on developing skills in formative, outcome, and impact data collection and analysis. This course discusses frameworks for planning dental public health programs and evaluation strategies used to assess program effectiveness.

MPH 746: Biostatistics for Dental Research- This course examines key statistical tools and concepts used by managers in dental public health. Concepts covered include: descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, probability, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis.

MPH 775: Environmental Health Sciences- This course provides an introduction to ecology and ecological principles and how human population pressures affect them. Man’s impact on biotic and abiotic components of the earth is examined as well as the environmental factors impacting public health. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of anthropogenic, chemical, and physical stressors and their impact on various ecosystem components and man.

MPH 786: Professionalism and Ethics in Dental Public Health-This course will look at how to apply ethical principles to dental public health program planning, implementation, and evaluation. It will describe the ethical bases for dental public health and dental services. This course will also define professionalism and explore the identity of the “Doctor”.

MPH 796: Community-Based Programs- This course will look at various community-based programs: how best to develop, implement and evaluate these programs as well as financing these programs. Filed experience: students will work with a local organization/ institution/ agency to develop a comprehensive oral health plan for a community.

MPH 806: Financing Dental Care- This course will examine the various ways in which dental care is financed. This includes mechanisms of payment for the providers, third-party plans, salaried and public-financed programs and federal systems such as Medicare and Medicaid.

MPH 826: Dental Informatics-This course will examine the application of computer and information science to improve dental practice, research, education and management. Example of topics includes: digital imaging and image processing, computer-based dental records, clinical decision support and teledentistry.

Concentration Courses:

Leadership & Administration

HEd 800: Integrity in Leadership- This course focuses on approaches to achieving integrity and compassion in leadership.

SHM 842: Human Resource Management- This course examines the building and management of a working human resources strategy. It introduces motivation, personality, leadership, and total quality theories. It explores the application of these theories to the management of individuals and groups. Organizational culture, job analysis, recruitment, retention, selection, placement, training, compensation, and organizational development are presented as a management continuum. The analysis of environmental, economic, and legal constraints and their impact on human resources strategies is presented. Management tools for improving human resource practices and productivity are introduced.

MPH 866: Systems Thinking for Public Health Environments- This course will apply “systems thinking” for resolving organizational problems and adopt best practices for other disciplines, fields, or organizations. This course will look at connections among the public health disciplines and other health and health-related areas.

Education

HEd 600: Foundations of Learning- This course focuses on educational history, theory and concepts, teaching styles, learning styles, and educational philosophy.

MPH 605: Instructional Design and Assessment- This course focuses on the use of a systematic process based on learning theory, to plan, design and implement effective instruction. Topics covered include authentic assessment, performance-based assessment, and assessment as a teaching tool.

HEd 915: Educational Technology- This course focuses on how educational technology and computing are currently affecting health education and how they will continue to do so in the future. The effects of rapidly changing technology on instructional design, educational media, and the implementation/ evaluation process will be investigated. Best practices and potential issues will be explored.

Research Planning & Design

MPH 737B: Practical Dental Research Planning and Design- This course is an extension of 737A and will build upon the materials learned. Ultimate goal is to have a paper related to a dental public health research project that can be defended when seeking eligibility to the American Board of Dental Public Health.

MPH 737C: Practical Dental Research Planning and Design- This course is an extension of 737A and B and will build upon the materials learned. Ultimate goal is to have a paper related to a dental public health research project that can be defended when seeking eligibility to the American Board of Dental Public Health.

MPH 737D: Practical Dental Research Planning and Design- This course is an extension of 737A, B and C and will build upon the materials learned. Ultimate goal is to complete a dental public health research project that can be defended when seeking eligibility to the American Board of Dental Public Health.

MASTER OF HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (60 credit hours)

MHA 652a: Fundamentals of Research in Health Administration- Life-long learning is an integral skill in the healthcare industry. The ability to become a life-long learner depends on sustainable assessment skills. In this course, we will focus on developing / enhancing your skills related to search strategies, problem statements, literature review and proposal preparation.

MHA 652b: Fundamentals of Research in Health Administration II- The course emphasizes the synthesis of the component skills learned in MHA 652a and prepares the learner to engage the total research process. During the course, learners will complete a proposal for a new program, a grant request or a marketing plan.

SHM 700.4: Health Services in the U.S.: A Lifespan Approach- The course provides a comprehensive introduction to the US healthcare system. Healthcare terminology, concepts, critical issues and a description of existing delivery systems are presented. The course includes the mission of public health; models of health promotion and disease prevention; and determinants of health and health services utilization. The organization, delivery, financing, payment, and staffing of the US healthcare system is described. Issues of competition, regulation, technology, access, quality, primary care, long-term care, mental health, and bioethics are discussed.

MHA 722: Administration of Healthcare Organizations- The course focuses on health service managers, the management process, descriptions of management functions, managerial roles, organizational culture and philosophy, leadership, motivation, and communication. Quality management is featured, as well as a practical approach to service, process, function, roles, culture, philosophy, leadership, motivation and communication.

MHA 732: Healthcare Information Systems- The course examines the development and use of information systems in healthcare organizations. Topics include: examination of clinical and administrative MIS systems and models; collecting, storing, and retrieving data to support management activities; and the use of MIS in the areas of strategic planning and quality management. Students will develop an understanding of health information regulations, laws and standards. The course also examines the current and emerging use of technologies.

MHA 742: Healthcare Finance- The course provides a practical approach for non-financial managers, introducing key financial concepts and examining their application to business environments. The course integrates finance, economic theory and accounting principles. Real world examples are provided to guide budgeting, forecasting, and everyday financial management responsibilities. Microsoft Excel is a requirement for this course.

MHA 752: Health Administration Law & Ethics- Non-legal professionals will develop a concrete foundation in healthcare law and ethics. Learners will develop practical approaches to improving the excellence and delivery of healthcare. Critical thinking skills will be honed as learners review issues such as Sarbanes-Oxley, privacy of medical information, and other current case law issues.

MHA 762: Organizational Theory, Integrity & Leadership- Learners will study organizational theory and develop an understanding of behavioral concepts necessary for effective management. Concepts studied include: perception, motivation, leadership, planning, organizational design, culture, and continuing performance with a strong emphasis on organizational behaviors. This course will review specific issues such as: perception, attitudes, stress, conflict, negation, group dynamics, team building and organizational change. Learners will develop skills to manage these behaviors and issues along with developing an understanding of the relationship between integrity and leadership.

MHA 802: Managerial Accounting in Health Administration- This course examines accounting concepts used to assist managers in healthcare organizations. It focuses on accounting information and analysis to be used in decision-making processes to plan, measure and control operations. Basic accounting skills relative to health administration will be developed. Learners will develop the skills necessary to understand a budget and to ask pertinent questions to revise and develop new budgets. Microsoft Excel is a requirement for this course.

MHA 803: Fundamentals of Statistics in Health Administration- The course examines key statistical tools and concepts used by managers. Concepts covered include: descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, probability, estimation, hypothesis testing and regression analysis. Learners will acquire the skills to turn raw data into statistical data, understand how to discern statistical data and know how and when to report data within their profession. Students will use Microsoft excel as well as manual calculation methods.

MHA 804: Managerial Epidemiology- The course examines the study of disease in populations from a health management perspective. Topics include: research methods, study designs, sampling, data analysis, the interpretation of data, and the application of findings for managerial health policy.Learners will develop an appreciation for how epidemiological principles assist in managing healthcare organizations.

MHA 822: Essentials of Managed Healthcare- TBA

MHA 832: Healthcare Economics- The course examines applications of economic theory as it pertains to the delivery and distribution of healthcare services. It provides students a theoretical basis for decision-making in the healthcare industry by utilizing a practical approach to identifying, defining, measuring, explaining and predicting economic issues and phenomena.

SHM 842: Human Resource Management- The course examines the building and management of a working human resources strategy. It introduces motivation, personality, leadership and total quality theories. It explores the application of these theories to the management of individuals and groups. Organizational culture, job analysis, recruitment, retention, selection, placement, training, compensation and organizational development are presented as a management continuum. The analysis of environmental, economic, and legal constraints and their impact on human resources strategies is presented. Management tools for improving human resource practices and productivity are introduced. Specific topics include: labor laws, discrimination, ADA compliance, performance evaluation, collective bargaining, continuous improvement and strategic planning.

MHA 852: Marketing and Strategic Planning in Health Administration- The course reviews the development and execution of marketing techniques. It will cover concepts, tools and processes associated with marketing and strategic planning. Included will be assessment of the external and internal environment, strategy formulation, plan implementation and the marketing of healthcare services and products. Examples from a wide variety of healthcare provider applications will be used.

MASTER OF GERIATRIC HEALTH (60 credit hours)

MGH 721a: Geriatric Practical Research & Design- Life-long learning is an integral skill in the healthcare industry. The ability to become a life-long learner depends on sustainable assessment skills. In this course, we will focus on developing and enhancing your skills related to search strategies, problem statements, literature review and proposal preparation with an emphasis on Geriatric Health research.

MGH 721b: Geriatric Practical Research & Design II- Using the skills learned in MHA 652a, learners will delve deeper into research. At the end of this course, learners will complete one of the following: a proposal for a new program, a grant request or marketing plan with an emphasis on Geriatric Health research.

MGH 731: Integrity, Leadership & Management- Integrity and leadership play a vital role within the art of management. Issues to be discussed include: workload, ethos, organization, honesty, enhancement of feedback systems, setting expectations, training of intern management and enhancement of future opportunities for employees.

MGH 741: Death & Dying: Life and Living- Learners will be review death, dying and bereavement. During the exploration of these topics, the course will also cover the developmental perspective, legal and moral issues as well as current events.

MGH 848: Managing Long Term Care Organizations- An overview of long term care organizations will be built upon to include information about leadership, programs, cost effectiveness, external environmental factors and organizational features.

MGH 800: Geriatric Healthcare Law & Ethics- Non-legal professionals will develop a concrete foundation in healthcare law and ethics. Learners will develop practical approaches to improving the excellence and delivery of healthcare. Critical thinking skills will be honed as learners review issues such as Sarbanes-Oxley, privacy of medical information, and current case law issues specific to aging, death & dying.

MGH 821: Business Management- By using a common sense approach to business management, this course will provide the learner with skills, tools and best practices necessary for a practical approach to implementing management principles.

MGH 831: Epidemiology of Aging- Using an ecological approach, learners will discuss the biological, social, and environmental factors affecting individuals, families, and communities throughout the aging process.

MGH 841: Managerial Finance & Reimbursement- TBA

MGH 851: Interdisciplinary Care I- Quality healthcare involves a systematic approach. This course will provide caregivers a broad understanding of who the team players are within the eldercare industry. Issues to be discussed include: team building, awareness of multi-professional skills, joint decision-making and the role of family & elderly in the care team.

MGH 861: Integrated Wellness- Learners will define wellness and understand how the use of environmental factors affects patient care. Issues to be discussed include: residential care as a home, pet therapy, autonomy, privacy, activities and maintaining a sense of individualism within a community setting. The course will also focus on how to optimize patient participation in group activities within various care settings as well as how to assess and enhance the nutritional needs of their patients.

VitaLife Concentration

MGH 871: VitaLife I- TBA

MGH 872: VitaLife II- TBA

MGH 721b: Geriatric Practical Research & Design - TBA

Case Management Concentration

MGH 874: Case Management I-TBA

MGH 875: Case Management II- TBA

MGH 721b: Geriatric Practical Research & Design- TBA

Create Your Own Concentration

MGH 877: Internship- The SHM will not provide internship placements. Students must provide their own internship placements and complete the necessary checklists, assessments and logs for credit. This course also requires the completion of a terminal project as outlined in MGH 721a. Approval of desired placements is a requirement. Forms for approval will be submitted to the appropriate program chair.